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    <h1 class="title">-- 宋 --</h1>
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        <p>宋朝（960年－1279年）是中国历史上承五代十国下启元朝的朝代，分北宋和南宋两个阶段，共历十八帝，享国三百一十九年。</p>
        <p>960年，后周禁军将领赵匡胤通过陈桥兵变夺取帝位，定都东京开封府，建立宋朝。赵匡胤为避免晚唐藩镇割据和宦官专权乱象，采取崇文抑武方针，加强中央集权，并剥夺武将兵权。宋太宗继位后结束分裂割据局面。1004年，宋辽达成澶渊之盟，宋朝逐渐步入治世。宋仁宗以后，宋朝社会危机日益严重。宋神宗即位后，任用王安石等进行变法活动，取得一定成效，但使宋朝深陷新旧党争中。1125年起，金朝大举南侵，至1127年攻陷东京，北宋灭亡。同年，康王赵构于南京应天府即位，建立南宋。绍兴和议签订后，南宋以秦岭-淮河为界，得以偏安一隅。宋孝宗、宁宗时两度北伐，均以失败告终。1234年，宋联蒙灭金，并与蒙元进行宋元战争，至1276年元军攻占临安府。1279年崖山海战后，南宋灭亡。</p>
        <p>宋朝是中国历史上商品经济、文化教育、科学创新高度繁荣的时代。有学者推算，1000年中国GDP总量占当时世界经济总量的22.7%。此外，宋朝时期，儒学复兴，形成程朱理学，科技发展迅速，政治相对开明。这一时期，宋朝人口迅速增长，有学者推算1124年的宋朝人口总数达到1亿2600万。中国历史学家陈寅恪言：“华夏民族之文化，历数千载之演进，造极于赵宋之世。” 西方与日本史学界中亦有学者认为宋朝是中国历史上的文艺复兴与经济革命的时期。</p>
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